Seyed Salman Safavi International Centre for Peace Studies – IPSC Introduction The period from June 13 to 24, 2025 witnessed the escalation of an unprecedented military confrontation between Israel and Iran, as Israel carried out its first attacks on Iran’s missile sites and nuclear facilities, followed by American strikes, Iran responded with missile attacks on Israel and the US air base in Qatar (Al-Udeid). This was followed by the fragile truce mediated by Qatar and The U.S.. (Washington Post, June 24, 2025). Al-Jazeera, June 24, 2025). Israel was defeated in four areas: military, legal, political, and moral: 1. Military dimension The attack failed to achieve its strategic objectives: It could not destroy Iran’s missile capability. It could not destroy Iran’s nuclear facilities. In contrast, Iran proved its missile capability. Iran dominated the skies of Israel, and the Iron Dome failed. Although the Israeli and U.S. airstrikes were aimed at destroying
