{"id":17256,"date":"2025-11-07T23:08:58","date_gmt":"2025-11-07T23:08:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peace-ipsc.org\/fa\/?p=17256"},"modified":"2025-11-17T04:39:11","modified_gmt":"2025-11-17T04:39:11","slug":"%d9%88%d8%b6%d8%b9%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%db%8c%d8%b9%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%a9%d9%88%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%b5%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/peace-ipsc.org\/fa\/%d9%88%d8%b6%d8%b9%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%db%8c%d8%b9%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%a9%d9%88%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%b5%d9%87%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><strong>\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u06af\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u062d &#8211; IPSC<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a 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\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f (Shia Rights Watch, 2023 ). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f (U.S. Department of State, 2023 ). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0634 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0648 \u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u00abFreedom in the World 2024\u00bb \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f (Freedom House, 2024 https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/country\/kuwait\/freedom-world\/2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u2014 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u2014 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 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\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0650 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644: \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/strong><\/b><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u06f1-\u06f1-<\/strong><\/b> \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u06af\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f (Al Nafisi,2022 ) .<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0631\u0631\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1-\u06f2- \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647 Pew Research Center\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f3\u06f0\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f6\u06f0\u066a \u0627\u0633\u062a (Pew Research Center, 2023 ). \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0634\u0631\u0642\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u062f\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u0631\u0623\u0633\u00bb \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"Lexical__ul Lexical__ul--depth-1\">\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"rtl\" value=\"1\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0628 (\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629) \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0642\u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061b<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"rtl\" value=\"2\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0645 (\u0639\u062c\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a) \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f (Moussa, 2024 ).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1-\u06f3- \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 (\u06f2\u06f0\u06f2\u06f3)\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f (U.S. Department of State, 2023 ).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f1.\u06f4. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u00ab\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u06cc\u00bb\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0634 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u06cc \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Human Rights Watch, 2024 ).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06af\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0645: \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/strong><\/b><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f1. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a (World Bank, 2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u00bb \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f2. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0633\u0647 Gulf Center for Development Studies (2023)\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f( economic-kuwait-2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u067e\u0627 (Startups) \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc Arabian Business (2024)\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06f1\u06f8\u066a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (kuwait-economy-2024). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f3. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f7\u06f5\u066a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f (IMF, 2024 KWT). \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u00ab\u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u00bb \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a (Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau, 2023), \u0646\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f4. \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u060c \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u062b\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 Oxford Gulf Institute (2024) \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a (2024-kuwait-society).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u200c\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f2.\u06f5. \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc. \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u00ab\u0686\u0634\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f3\u06f5\u00bb \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f (Kuwait Vision 2035, 2024 ). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0644 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0634\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0631\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0645: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3-\u06f1- \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Crystal, 1992). \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f (Al-Nakib, 2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Al-Qallaf, 2012). \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2013).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3-\u06f2- \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f0 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f. \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u00bb \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f (Lou\u00ebr, 2008). \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0647\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a (Wehrey, 2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u062f (Al-Nakib, 2016). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f (Salloukh, 2017).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3-\u06f3- \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f (Matthiesen, 2014). \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f (Abu-Hakima, 1983).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u067e\u0631\u0631\u0646\u06af\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Al-Rumaihi, 1995). \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2013).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f3-\u06f4- \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc (Wehrey, 2014). \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f (Crystal, 1992).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f (Al-Nakib, 2016; Lou\u00ebr, 2013).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645: \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a<\/strong><\/b><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4-\u06f1- \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f (Abu-Hakima, 1983). \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f (Al-Nakib, 2016).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4-\u06f2- \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f (Al-Rumaihi, 1995). \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2008).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4-\u06f3- \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f (Abu-Hakima, 1983). \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Matthiesen, 2014). \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2013).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06f4-\u06f4- \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f (Salloukh, 2017). \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Wehrey, 2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a (Al-Nakib, 2016; Lou\u00ebr, 2008). \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645: \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c<\/strong><\/b><\/h2>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f (Crystal, 1992; Al-Nakib, 2016). \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f (Matthiesen, 2014; Abu-Hakima, 1983). \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f (Wehrey, 2014).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"Lexical__paragraph\" dir=\"rtl\"><b><strong class=\"Lexical__textBold\">\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 <\/strong><\/b><\/h2>\n<ol class=\"Lexical__ol Lexical__ol--depth-1\">\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"1\">Abu-Hakima, A. (1983). The Modern History of Kuwait: 1750\u20131965. London: Luzac.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"2\">Allianz SE. (2024). Country Risk Report \u2013 Kuwait. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allianz.com\/en\/economic_research\/country-and-sector-risk\/country-risk\/kuwait.html\">https:\/\/www.allianz.com\/en\/economic_research\/country-and-sector-risk\/country-risk\/kuwait.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"3\">Al-Nakib, F. (2016). Kuwait Transformed: A History of Oil and Urban Life. Stanford University Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"4\">Al-Qallaf, F. (2012). The Shiite Community in Kuwait: Integration and Challenges. Middle East Journal, 66(3), 451\u2013470.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"5\">Al-Rumaihi, M. (1995). Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula. London: Saqi Books.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"6\">Amnesty International. (2024, June). Kuwait: Authorities must end wave of repression against critics. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2024\/06\/kuwait-authorities-must-end-wave-of-repression-against-critics\/\">https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2024\/06\/kuwait-authorities-must-end-wave-of-repression-against-critics\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"7\">Arab Barometer. (2024). Kuwait Report (Wave\u202fVIII). Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AB8-Kuwait-Report-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/AB8-Kuwait-Report-EN.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"8\">Bertelsmann\u202fFoundation. (2024). BTI 2024 Kuwait Country Report. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/bti-project.org\/en\/reports\/country-report\/KWT\">https:\/\/bti-project.org\/en\/reports\/country-report\/KWT<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"9\">Crystal, J. (1992). Kuwait: The Transformation of an Oil State. Boulder: Westview Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"10\">Freedom\u202fHouse. (2024). Freedom in the World\u202f2024: Kuwait Country Report. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/country\/kuwait\/freedom-world\/2024\">https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/country\/kuwait\/freedom-world\/2024<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"11\">Kuwait\u202f: Background Information \u2013 September\u202f2024. (2024). Open Doors\u202f\/\u202fWorld\u202fWatch. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opendoors.org\/research-reports\/wwl-background\/WWL-Background-Information-Kuwait-September-2024.pdf\">https:\/\/www.opendoors.org\/research-reports\/wwl-background\/WWL-Background-Information-Kuwait-September-2024.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"12\">Kuwait Economic Report\u202f2024. (2024, September\u202f2). The Chamber of Arabs &amp; Swiss Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CASCI). Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.casci.ch\/kuwait-economic-report-2024-casci\/\">https:\/\/www.casci.ch\/kuwait-economic-report-2024-casci\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"13\">Lou\u00ebr, L. (2008). Transnational Shia Politics: Religious and Political Networks in the Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"14\">Lou\u00ebr, L. (2013). Shiism and Politics in the Gulf Monarchies. London: Hurst.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"15\">Matthiesen, T. (2014). The Other Saudis: Shiism, Dissent and Sectarianism. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"16\">Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. (2025). 2025 Investment Climate Statements: Kuwait. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2025-investment-climate-statements\/kuwait\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2025-investment-climate-statements\/kuwait<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"17\">Oxford\u202fBusiness\u202fGroup. (2024). The Report: Kuwait\u202f2024. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/reports\/kuwait\/2024-report\/\">https:\/\/oxfordbusinessgroup.com\/reports\/kuwait\/2024-report\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"18\">Salloukh, B. F. (2017). The Arab Uprisings and the Politics of Sectarianization in the Gulf. Journal of Arabian Studies, 7(2), 155\u2013172.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"19\">Shia\u202fRights\u202fWatch. (2023). KUWAIT. Retrieved from https:\/\/shiarightswatch.org\/kuwait-2\/U.S.\u202fDepartment\u202fof\u202fState. (2023, April\u202f22). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kuwait. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2111898.html\">https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2111898.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"20\">U.S.\u202fDepartment\u202fof\u202fState. (2025). Issues for the 119th Congress: Kuwait. Retrieved from <a class=\"Lexical__link\" dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R47390\">https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R47390<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Lexical__listItem\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\" value=\"21\">Wehrey, F. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Gulf: From the Iraq War to the Arab Uprisings. New York: Columbia University<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u06af\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u062d &#8211; IPSC \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,9,2,1481,3],"tags":[374,5786,538],"class_list":["post-17256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-21","category-9","category-2","category-1481","category-articles","tag-374","tag-5786","tag-538"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f (Crystal, 1992; Al-Nakib, 2016). \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2013).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/peace-ipsc.org\/fa\/\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a-\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646-\u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a-\u062f\u0631-\u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f (Crystal, 1992; Al-Nakib, 2016). \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 2013).\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/peace-ipsc.org\/fa\/\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a-\u0634\u06cc\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0646-\u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u062a-\u062f\u0631-\u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647\u0647\u0627\u06cc-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IPSC - \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u062d\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-07T23:08:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-17T04:39:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ipsc\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" 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1992; Al-Nakib, 2016). \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a (Lou\u00ebr, 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